New Energies, new possibilities

2020年3月7日 
国立研究開発法人新エネルギー・産業技術総合開発機構
東芝エネルギーシステムズ株式会社
東北電力株式会社
岩谷産業株式会社

NEDO、東芝エネルギーシステムズ（株）、東北電力（株）、岩谷産業（株）が、2018年から福島県浪江町で建設を進めてきた、再生可能エネルギーを利用した世界最大級となる10MWの水素製造装置を備えた水素製造施設「福島水素エネルギー研究フィールド（Fukushima Hydrogen Energy Research Field （FH2R））」が2月末に完成し、稼働を開始しました。

本施設は再生可能エネルギーなどから毎時1,200Nm3（定格運転時）の水素を製造する能力を持ち、電力系統に対する需給調整を行うことで、出力変動の大きい再生可能エネルギーの電力を最大限利用するとともに、クリーンで低コストな水素製造技術の確立を目指します。

また、製造された水素は、定置型燃料電池向けの発電用途、燃料電池車や燃料電池バス向けのモビリティ用途などに使用される予定です。

なお本施設の完成に伴い、本日、施設の敷地内で開所式を開催しました。

図1　完成した福島水素エネルギー研究フィールド（FH2R）

1．実証事業の概要

水素は電力を大量に長期で貯蔵することができ、長距離輸送が可能です。また、燃料電池によるコジェネレーション（熱電併給）や、燃料電池車など、さまざまな用途に利用できます。将来的には、再生可能エネルギー由来の水素を活用し、製造から利用に至るまで一貫して二酸化炭素（CO2）フリーの水素供給システムの確立が望まれています。

また、政府が2017年12月に公表した「水素基本戦略」では、再生可能エネルギーの導入拡大や出力制御量の増加に伴い、大規模で長期間の貯蔵を可能とする水素を用いたエネルギー貯蔵・利用（Power-to-Gas）が必要とされています。この水素を用いたエネルギー貯蔵・利用には、出力変動の大きい再生可能エネルギーを最大限活用するための電力系統需給バランス調整機能（ディマンドリスポンス）だけでなく、水素需給予測に基づいたシステムの最適運用機能の確立が必要となります。

このような背景のもと、国立研究開発法人新エネルギー・産業技術総合開発機構（NEDO）、東芝エネルギーシステムズ株式会社、東北電力株式会社、岩谷産業株式会社は、再生可能エネルギーの導入拡大を見据え、ディマンドリスポンスとしての水素活用事業モデルと水素販売事業モデルの確立を目指した技術開発事業※1に取り組んでいます。本事業において、2018年7月から福島県浪江町（同町大字棚塩地区　棚塩産業団地内）で建設を進めていた、太陽光発電を利用した世界最大級となる10MWの水素製造装置を備えた水素製造施設「福島水素エネルギー研究フィールド（Fukushima Hydrogen Energy Research Field （FH2R））」が2月末に完成し、稼働を開始しました。

本施設では、電力系統に対する需給調整を行うことで、蓄電池を使わずに出力変動の大きい再生可能エネルギーの電力を最大限利用するとともに、クリーンで低コストな水素製造技術の確立を目指します。

また、製造された水素は、定置型燃料電池向けの発電用途、燃料電池車や燃料電池バス向けのモビリティ用途などに使われる予定です。

2．「福島水素エネルギー研究フィールド（FH2R）」の概要

FH2Rでは、18万m2の敷地内に設置した20MWの太陽光発電の電力を用いて、世界最大級となる10MWの水素製造装置で水の電気分解を行い、毎時1,200Nm3（定格運転時）※2の水素を製造し、貯蔵・供給します。

水素の製造・貯蔵は、水素需要予測システムによる市場の水素需要予測に基づいて行います。また、電力系統側制御システムによる電力系統の調整ニーズにあわせて、水素製造装置の水素製造量を調節することにより、電力系統の需給バランス調整を行います。この水素の製造・貯蔵と電力系統の需給バランス調整の最適な組み合わせを、蓄電池を用いることなく水素エネルギー運用システムにより実現することが今回の実証運用の最大の課題となります。

このため、FH2Rでは、今後、実証運用を行い、それぞれの運転周期の異なる装置で、電力系統のディマンドリスポンス対応と水素需給対応を組み合わせた最適な運転制御技術を検証します。

なお、FH2Rで製造した水素は、主に圧縮水素トレーラーやカードルを使って輸送し、福島県や東京都などの需要先へ供給する予定です。

• 

  図2　本事業の全体像

（参考）各社の役割分担東芝エネルギーシステムズ（株）東北電力（株）岩谷産業（株）

【注釈】

※1 技術開発事業名称：水素社会構築技術開発事業／水素エネルギーシステム技術開発／再エネ利用水素システムの事業モデル構築と大規模実証に係る技術開発期間：2016～2020年度
（2016～2017年度までは基礎検討（FSフェーズ）を実施し、2017～2020年度までシステム技術開発（実証フェーズ）を実施予定。）※2 Nm3（ノルマル立方メートル）0℃、1気圧における乾燥状態の気体の体積を表す単位。

3．問い合わせ先

（本ニュースリリースの内容についての問い合わせ先）

NEDO　次世代電池・水素部　担当：大平、小島、鈴木　TEL：044-520-5261­

東芝エネルギーシステムズ（株）　渉外・広報部：高瀬、濱口、加来　TEL：044-331-7200­

東北電力（株）　広報・地域交流部　報道グループ　TEL：022-225-2111­（代表）

岩谷産業（株）　広報部　担当：内藤、井上　TEL：03-5405-5851­

（その他NEDO事業についての一般的な問い合わせ先）

NEDO　広報部　担当：中里、坂本、佐藤　TEL：044-520-5151­　E-mail：nedo_press@ml.nedo.go.jp

PowerCell Sweden AB has signed a Nordic cooperation agreement with Soltech Group regarding a joint development of stationary energy solutions based on the two

companies’ products within fuel cells and solar energy.

In a first collaborative project, the two companies will conduct a feasibility study regarding a stationary power solution that will secure power supply for Amokabel AB in Alstermo, Småland.

The Soltech Group is Sweden’s leading supplier of energy solutions based on solar energy and develops and sells complete solutions where solar panels have been integrated into roofs and building facades. The aim of the cooperation agreement is to utilize the two companies’ expertise and products to offer stationary energy solutions based on a combination of solar energy and fuel cells. By using excess energy from solar panels to produce hydrogen, solar energy can be stored and converted back to electricity in a fuel cell when needed.

The aim of the feasibility study that the two companies will perform for Amokabel, is to examine if solar energy in combination with hydrogen storage can alleviate the company’s problem with grid capacity. As Amokabel has grown and increased its production, it has experienced increasing problems with lack of power in the existing grid.

“The increasing need of energy, and sustainable energy in particular, makes the combination of solar energy and fuel cells extremely interesting” said Andreas Bodén, Director Sales and Aftermarket. “We therefore see a great potential for stationary fuel cell power generation based on locally produced and stored hydrogen”.

Stefan Ölander, CEO of Soltech, added that the cooperation is a breakthrough in helping all businesses and the public sector with the major problems related to insufficient grid capacity.

For additional information:

https://www.renewableenergymagazine.com/pv_solar/powercell-signs-cooperation-agreement-with-soltech-regarding-20200914

GenCell Energy, a leading Israel-based manufacturer of fuel cell energy solutions, has announced that it successfully completed integration between the Enapter AEM electrolyser and the GenCell alkaline fuel cell. The project demonstrated the successful performance of the GenCell fuel cell and Enapter electrolyser and validated that the electrolyser successfully generates the amount and quality of hydrogen needed to operate the alkaline fuel cell in a hybrid or backup power solution, strengthening the value proposition of both products to successfully fill the power requirements of many use cases, both on and off-grid.

As the energy sector around the world increases the uptake of intermittent solar and wind power and raises its decarbonisation goals, there is growing feasibility, justification, and demand for hybrid power and green microgrid systems. Hybrid power systems today, whether operating entirely or partially on-grid or off-grid, increasingly recognise the value of incorporating electrolysers, fuel cells, and hydrogen storage for long-duration power to offset intermittent power generation sources, charge short-lived batteries and achieve decarbonisation goals. Integrating the Enapter AEM electrolyser together with the GenCell alkaline fuel cell in a hybrid or microgrid power system prevents curtailment of surplus intermittent energy and instead leverages the electrolyser to convert that energy to industrial-grade hydrogen.

This industrial-grade hydrogen can be economically stored and used on-demand as fuel to run the GenCell alkaline fuel cell when intermittent, grid or battery power is not available, both to charge the batteries and to provide electricity for as long as needed, until the other power sources return to production. The ability of each Enapter electrolyser to feed the alkaline fuel cell without costly filtration or purification simplifies and eliminates additional costs from the power system. Producing hydrogen-on-demand with an electrolyser next to the fuel cell both eliminates the often-significant logistical operations and operating expenses of the hydrogen supply chain and makes fuel cells relevant for long-duration back-up in locations where hydrogen is not readily available. In many poor grid systems or hybrid environments where hydrogen is either not available or very costly to supply, today the integrated Enapter-GenCell solution can deliver crucial and emission-free back-up power at a cost that is equivalent to or lower than the cost of diesel power. Both Enapter and GenCell offer TCO calculations demonstrating already today that the cost of the joint solution is equivalent to or less than the cost of back-up power from diesel generators, wherein the costs of the equipment of both manufacturers are expected to drop further as technologies mature and lifetimes extend.

As we broach the future of energy networks following the impact of Coronavirus, there are many factors that add impetus for change. With uncertainty and decline in prices of fossil fuels and an increased ratio of intermittent renewables in the energy mix both to combat climate change and to stimulate new jobs, utilities and businesses are looking for new and better solutions to ensure power resilience to counter this greater volatility. Many of them are considering local microgrids, which according to the International Energy Association (IEA) will deliver 30% of our future electricity. More and more of these microgrids are incorporating hydrogen and fuel cells to enable long-duration energy storage and generation. Producing more ‘green’ hydrogen when renewable energy is plentiful by means of electrolysis, storing the hydrogen and converting it to energy-on-demand by means of the fuel cell to complement short-duration batteries and to resolve seasonal fluctuations makes microgrids resilient and energy and fossil fuel-independent.

“We are pleased and not surprised to learn the results of GenCell’s validation of the satisfactory performance of our electrolysers,” remarks Sebastian-Justus Schmidt, CEO, Enapter. “While our versatile equipment can easily be paired with most any fuel cell on the market, as Enapter, we look to minimise the costs and maximise the reliability of our solutions for our customers. Bottom line, GenCell’s unique capacity to run on 99.9% purity hydrogen will save customers more money.”

Comments Rami Reshef, CEO, GenCell, “The advent of the hybrid power solution and green microgrid is changing the future of our energy economy for the better. Production of green hydrogen at scale will significantly increase the demand for renewable energy, creating jobs and accelerating decarbonisation. Utilities are achieving faster and more reliable grid modernisation in weather-sensitive regions by replacing traditional pole and line systems with renewable microgrids. Now that in addition to being reliable, weather-resistant and emission-free, hybrid power solutions incorporating Enapter AEM electrolysers and GenCell alkaline fuel cells are becoming more economic than diesel, it is even more relevant to Say No to Diesel.”

https://www.energyglobal.com/electric-hybrid/13092020/electrolyser-and-fuel-cell-to-power-hybrid-green-energy-solutions/

Researchers at the Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) have developed a steam-carrier-adopted composite membrane reactor system to produce pure H2 (>99.99%) from ammonia with high productivity (>0.35 mol-H2 gcat−1 h−1) and ammonia conversion (>99%) at a significantly reduced operating temperature (<723 K). A paper on their work is published in the Journal Of Membrane Science.

Membrane reactor for production of H2 from NH3. Credit: KIST

Coupling of a custom developed palladium/tantalum composite metallic membrane and ruthenium on lanthanum-doped alumina catalysts allowed stable operation of the membrane system with significant mass transfer enhancement. Various reactor assemblies involving as-fabricated membranes and catalysts are experimentally compared to suggest the optimal configuration and operating conditions for future applications. Steam is adopted as a sweep gas, presenting efficient H2 recovery (>91%) while replacing conventionally utilized noble carrier gases that require additional gas separation processes. The steam carrier presents similar membrane reactor performance to that of noble gases, and the water reservoir used for steam generation acts as an ammonia buffer via scrubbing effects.

—Park et al.

Although the need to build a global clean energy supply network has been noted worldwide, there are constraints when it comes to transporting renewable energy in the form of electricity across long distances. This has resulted in a growing demand for a technology that can convert surplus renewable energy into hydrogen and transport the hydrogen to the target destination for utilization.

Hydrogen gas, however, cannot be transported in large amounts due to the limitations in the amount that can be stored per unit volume. A strategy suggested to overcome this issue is the use of chemicals in liquid form as hydrogen carriers, similar to the current method of transporting fossil fuels in a liquid form.

Liquid ammonia (hydrogen storage density per volume: 108kg-H2/m3) is capable of storing around 1.5 times more hydrogen than liquefied hydrogen under the same volume. Unlike the conventional hydrogen production method of natural gas steam reforming in which large amounts of carbon dioxide is emitted in the production process, the hydrogen production method using ammonia only leads to the generation of hydrogen and nitrogen.

Despite the many advantages presented by ammonia, there has been relatively little research on producing high-purity hydrogen from ammonia and generating electricity in conjunction with fuel cells.

The research team at KIST developed a low-cost membrane material and a catalyst for decomposition of ammonia into hydrogen and nitrogen. By combining the catalyst and membrane, the research team created an extraction device that is capable of decomposing ammonia and separating pure hydrogen at the same time. With the developed technology, it is possible to continuously produce high-purity hydrogen. The system can even be applied to small power generation devices by directly connecting it with fuel cells without any additional hydrogen purification processes.

The research team substantially reduced the ammonia decomposition temperature from 550 ˚C to 450 ˚C, thereby lowering energy consumption and doubling the hydrogen production speed compared to the conventional technology. Also, using the low-cost metal membrane, it was able to produce at least 99.99% pure hydrogen without any high-cost isolation process such as pressure swing adsorption (PSA).

Currently, storage- and transportation-related infrastructure for ammonia has been commercialized and used worldwide for intercontinental transportation. If the newly developed technology from KIST is applied to such infrastructure, it will help Korea take a step closer to the hydrogen economy.

“We’re planning a follow-up study to develop a compact hydrogen power pack that does not emit any carbon dioxide, based on the recently developed technology, and apply it to urban aerial mobilities (e.g. drone taxis), unmanned aerial vehicles, ships, and other modes of transportation.

—Dr. Jo Young Suk from KIST

This study was carried out, with a grant from the Ministry of Science and ICT (MSIT), as Institutional R&D Program of KIST and the Core Renewable Energy Technology Development Project of the Korea Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning.

Resources

• Yongha Park, Junyoung Cha, Hyun-Taek Oh, Taeho Lee, Sung Hun Lee, Myung Gon Park, Hyangsoo Jeong, Yongmin Kim, Hyuntae Sohn, Suk Woo Nam, Jonghee Han, Chang Won Yoon, Young Suk Jo (2020) “A catalytic composite membrane reactor system for hydrogen production from ammonia using steam as a sweep gas,” Journal of Membrane Science, Volume 614, 118483 doi: 10.1016/j.memsci.2020.118483.

석유(Oil)

• 석유소비 : (‘18년) 약 97.4백만 b/d ⇒ (’19년) 약 98.3백만 b/d(약 0.9백만 b/d⬆︎) – 전년대비 석유 소비 증가율 : + 0.9%
  • 전년대비 석유 소비 증가율 : + 0.9%
  • 국가별 동향 : 중국이 최대 증가폭 기록(약 +68만 b/d)

• 총석유류* 소비 : (‘18년) 약 99.9백만 b/d ⇒ (’19년) 약 100.9백만 b/d(약 1.1백만 b/d⬆︎)
  • • • *Total liquids : 석유(Oil)에서 바이오연료 등 포함

• • 세계 총 석유류 소비 : 사상 처음으로 1억 b/d를 상회

• 석유 생산 : (‘18년) 약 95.25백만 b/d ⇒ (’19년) 약 95.19 백만 b/d(약 6만 b/d⬇︎)
  • 세계 석유 생산량 : 글로벌 금융위기 직후인 2009년 이후, 10년 만에 감소
  • 석유 생산 감소 원인 : 미국 생산은 여전히 증가세 유지, 단 OPEC 생산 감소
    • 미국 : 1.7백만 b/d 증가(2018년 2.2백만 b/d 이후, 역대 두 번째 증가 규모)
    • OPEC : 약 2백만 b/d 감소(37.4백만 b/d → 35.4백만 b/d)
      • eg) 이란 : 약 1.3백만 b/d 감소, 사우디 : 약 43만 b/d 감소, 베네수엘라 약 56만 b/d 감소

• 정제능력 : (‘18년) 약 99.8백만 b/d ⇒ (’19년) 약 101.3백만 b/d(약 1.5백만 b/d⬆︎)
  • 2019년 세계 정제설비능력 증가(1.5백만 b/d) 규모 : 2009년 이후 최대 수준
    • 전세계 총 정제설비능력이 역대 처음으로 1억 b/d를 상회
  • 세계 정제능력 주요 증가 원인 : 주요국 정제능력 증가, 설비폐쇄 최소 수준
    • 중국(+54만 b/d), 중동(+31만 b/d), 미국(+21만 b/d)

• 정제처리량 : (‘18년) 약 82.96백만 b/d ⇒ (’19년) 약 82.98백만 b/d(약 30만 b/d⬆︎)
  • 2019년 세계 정제처리량은 전년과 거의 유사함(+0.03% 소폭 증가에 그침)
  • 미국(40만 b/d 감소), 중남미 지역(약 30만 b/d 감소, 2014년 이후 6년 연속 감소)
  • 중국은 예외 : 약 95만 b/d 대폭 증가(신규 설비 증설 영향)

1차 에너지(Primary energy)

• 1차 에너지 소비 : (‘18년) 약 576 EJ ⇒ (’19년) 약 583.9 EJ(약 7.7 EJ⬆︎)
  • 전년대비 1차 에너지 소비 증가율 : + 1.3%에 그침
  • 2018년(+2.8%), 과거 10년(2009년~2019년) 연평균 증가율(1.8%) 대비 증가율 둔화

• 1차 에너지 소비 특징 : 1) 중국, 대폭증가 2) 재생에너지, 강한 성장세 유지
  • 1) 중국, 세계 총 1차 에너지 소비 증가분의 77.3% 차지(+5.9 EJ)
  • 2) 재생에너지 소비, 직전년도 대비 40% 이상 증가
    • 세계 1차 에너지 믹스(%)에서 차지하는 점유율, 5,0% 기록(전년대비 0.5%p↑)

발전(Electricity generation)

• 전기 생산 : (‘18년) 약 26,653 TWh ⇒ (’19년) 약 27,005 TWh(약 352 TWh⬆︎)
  • 전년대비 전기 생산 증가율 : + 1.3%에 그침
    • cf)2018년 발전 증가율 : +3.9%, 과거 10년(2009년~2019년) 연평균 증가율 : 2.9%

• • 대부분의 국가에서 발전량이 감소하거나, 증가하더라도 소폭 증가에 그침
  • 중국은 예외 : 중국, 337TWh 증가 (전세계 발전 증가량의 약 96% 차지)

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